生活場所實驗：建筑如何培育未來幸福？
The Living Places experiment: how can architecture foster future wellbeing?

由專筑網Yinglin，小R編譯

“Living Places哥本哈根”研究計劃通過探索室內舒適度與可持續建筑標準，拓展當代住宅與城市設計中的健康理念。

Research initiative Living Places Copenhagen tests ideas around internal comfort and sustainable architecture standards to push the envelope on how contemporary homes and cities can be designed with wellness at their heart



建筑中的健康理念（Wellness in architecture）已然成為熱議焦點。從仿生設計（biophilic design）到包容性建筑（inclusive architecture），再到科技在居所中的應用，種種元素交織成21世紀促進健康的多維實踐。而光線與通風及其對室內舒適度的影響，正是這幅拼圖中的關鍵一塊。

在此背景下，“Living Places哥本哈根”研究項目應運而生。這座建于丹麥首都的實驗性微型社區，通過測試設計對日常舒適度的影響，目的是定義理想的當代生活環境。

Wellness in architecture is a hotly debated topic. From biophilic design to inclusive architecture and the role of technology in our homes, it encompasses different elements that translate into varied aspects and practices, promoting well-being in the 21st century. Studying light and ventilation, and their effect on interior comfort is a key piece in that puzzle.
In this landscape, Living Places Copenhagen, a research project out of a dedicated, purpose-built mini neighbourhood in the Danish capital, is an experiment that attempts to address the subject by measuring design's impact on our daily comfort in an attempt to define what makes the perfect, contemporary living environment.



Living Places哥本哈根：緣起與方法

“2023年，丹麥窗業專家Velux公司以實踐踐諾，啟動了Living Places哥本哈根項目——這一研究計劃與實地試驗旨在切實驗證設計如何提升個人、群體及其所處自然與城市環境的生活品質�！表椖窟x址哥本哈根Jernbanebyen街區一處寬綽的細長地塊，公司與Artelia地產顧問和EFFEKT建筑師事務所合作，營造了一組建筑群落——兩座樣板房與四座半開放式亭，后者作為儲藏、輔助空間和展覽區，支持項目運行。

兩座住宅各具特色，均采用木構建筑（wood architecture）理念，秉承可持續建筑（sustainable architecture）原則——一座采用實木結構，配備自然通風；另一座則采用交叉層壓木材（CLT）結構，融合自然與機械通風。兩座建筑均裝配最新科技，使用者可調節窗戶與遮陽系統的開啟時長，控制室內采光與通風。

Living Places Copenhagen: who, what, why and how
In 2023, Danish window specialists Velux decided to put its money where its mouth is, kick-starting Living Places Copenhagen - a research project and live test site intent on proving exactly how design can help us live better: alone, together, and within the natural and urban context. Taking over a generous, long and narrow plot in Copenhagen's Jernbanebyen neighbourhood, the company worked with property consultancy Artelia and EFFEKT Architects to create a family of structures - two model homes and four semi-open pavilions (the latter acting as storage and auxiliary spaces, and exhibition areas, supporting the project's function).
Each of the two homes is slightly different. Both made in wood architecture, they were designed using sustainable architecture principles - one in solid timber featuring natural ventilation, and the other in CLT (cross-laminated timber) and hybrid natural/mechanical ventilation. Both are kitted out in state-of-the-art technology which allows the user to control and adapt when windows and sunshades open and for how long, both in terms of regulating sunlight and ventilation inside the home.



同時，所有建筑均彰顯北歐特有的溫馨極簡美學——淺色木材包覆，流暢空間，挑高天花，人字屋頂，簡凈細部。外部花園環繞——建筑群落于木質平臺之上，界定“鄰里”范疇——窗外綠意盎然，更有菜園供客采摘烹飪。

項目旨在凸顯“健康室內環境”的積極影響，并證明建筑可在多個層面實現可持續性，既高效又可規�；瘡椭�，價格亦可負擔（項目方稱，每座住宅造價相當于典型丹麥家庭住宅）。既然負擔得起一座房子，何不選擇一個更有益于健康與幸福感的設計？

At the same time, all structures share a distinct, cosy and minimalist Nordic aesthetic - spaces clad in light-coloured timber, flowing interiors, tall ceilings, pitched roofs and clutter-free detailing. A garden outside - all the structures are arranged across a timber-lined deck that defines the 'neighbourhood' - ensures windows open to greenery which includes a vegetable garden. Guests are encouraged to pick its fruits to use in cooking.
The aim? To highlight the positive impact of 'a healthy indoor climate' and help prove how architecture can be sustainable on different levels in an efficient, scalable and affordable way (each of the homes, the project's representatives say, can be built in the equivalent amount of the typical Danish family home). So if you can afford a house, why not make it one that supports health and wellbeing too, they suggest.



研究方法是邀請訪客（包括本文作者）在其中一座住宅小住數日。研究實驗包含了幾個月內的多次探訪，每位訪客體驗特定的通風與采光窗系統設置，記錄舒適度水平，提供反饋并隨時調整。訪客填寫問卷、回答問題，項目團隊收集整理數據并轉化為測量結果。

同時，研究方法論借鑒了Bernd A. Wegener與Peter Schmidt發表于《Journal of Housing and the Built Environment》（2021年）的科學論文《Well-being at home: a mediation analysis of residential satisfaction, comfort, and home attachment》。

The method? Inviting guests (one of which was this writer) to stay at one of the homes for a few days. The experiment included several visits taking place over the course of a few months. Each visitor experienced the environment and specific settings in the ventilation and daylight window systems, recording levels of comfort, offering feedback and implementing adjustments along the way. Surveys were filled in, questions were answered and the results were fed through to the programme's team to be collated and translated into measurements.
Meanwhile, the methodology used draws on the model proposed in the scientific paper Well-being at home: a mediation analysis of residential satisfaction, comfort, and home attachment by Bernd A. Wegener and Peter Schmidt, published in the Journal of Housing and the Built Environment in 2021.



Living Places哥本哈根：研究成果

項目啟動一載有余，實驗成果漸次呈現。Living Places哥本哈根團隊指出，盡管“舒適”一詞內涵廣泛，因人而異，但家居環境中的幾個要素——自然采光、熱環境、室內空氣質量、聲學效果以及與自然的聯系——已被確認為影響使用者健康的關鍵因素。

“新數據清晰表明，高品質室內環境與人類健康福祉存在顯著關聯�！表椖繄F隊如是寫道，“2024年7、8月間，Velux集團邀請來自12國的近百位建筑師、企業家、設計師與記者體驗Living Places哥本哈根。這一實驗建立在Velux集團多年科研基礎之上，通過科學監測不同樣板房，以深入理解建筑設計對居住者的舒適度與滿意度的影響，同時評估室內環境品質及其對人類健康的作用�！�

Living Place Copenhagen: the results
Now, a little over a year on from its launch, the scheme has revealed its learnings. To that end, the Living Places Copenhagen team confirms that while comfort is a broad term and can mean different things to different people, the home environment and its daylight, thermal conditions, indoor air quality, acoustics, and connection with nature, are identified as key factors in user wellbeing.
'It is clear that there is a strong correlation between a high-quality indoor climate and human well-being, according to new data,' the project team writes. 'In July and August 2024, Velux Group invited nearly 100 architects, entrepreneurs, designers and journalists from 12 countries to live at Living Places Copenhagen as part of an experiment that builds on years of research led by Velux Group in scientifically monitoring different model homes to better understand how building design impacts residents' comfort and satisfaction while assessing indoor environmental quality and its effects on human well-being.'



“針對優化采光與自然通風的設計，83%的訪客偏好在自然光充沛的房間活動，90%的訪客認為調節遮陽系統便捷，可輕松優化室內環境。在營造居家健康方面，設計、布局、溫度、照明和室內氣候等功能性因素能立即喚起建筑中的身體舒適感。85%的訪客表示住宅功能契合其需求�！�

研究同時確認，每座Living Places哥本哈根單體住宅的年碳排放僅為3.85千克二氧化碳當量/平方米（經AAU BUILD建成環境部門第三方驗證）。

'Designed to optimise daylight and natural ventilation, 83% of all guests favoured spending time in rooms with more natural light while 90% also found it easy to adjust the shadings to ensure an optimal indoor environment. As part of creating well-being at home, functional factors like design, layout, temperature, lighting, and indoor climate can invoke immediate feelings of physical comfort in a building. During their stay, 85% of the guests perceived the houses to fit their functional needs.'
It was additionally determined that each of the Living Places Copenhagen single-family homes emits only 3.85 kg CO2 eq/m2/year (a fact with third-party verification from AAU BUILD - Department of the Built Environment).



“我們九成時光在室內度過，建筑營造與生活方式直接影響著身心健康。報告指出，Living Places不僅探索如何為地球創造更宜居的環境，更致力于開辟一條通向未來的道路，提升人類生存品質’”

“Living Places展現了一種住宅營造之道——不僅讓我們遠離病痛，更能積極改善健康狀況。機械通風與室外空氣高效過濾系統，結合門窗自然通風，即使在室外溫度驟降時，也能全年維持健康的室內氣候�！睂嶒灴疾炝擞绊懨咕�與污染物的諸多指標，包括濕度、新風及二氧化碳濃度等。

'We spend 90% of our time indoors, so the way we build and live directly affects our physical and mental health. Living Places focuses not only on how we create a better living environment for our planet but also on creating a path towards a future-oriented society that enhances living conditions for people as well,' the report highlights.
'Living Places showcases how we can build homes that don’t just make us less sick but actually contribute to improving our health. Combining mechanical ventilation and effective filtration of outdoor air with natural ventilation through windows and doors secures a healthy indoor climate through the whole year, even when the outside temperature drops.' The tests covered areas such as humidity and fresh air and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations that affect mould and pollutants.



五大核心發現

• Living Places展示了可持續建筑的典范——設計具有經濟競爭力和可復制性，采用標準材料，呼應當代生活趨勢與美學。
• 健康建筑源于整體性方法，關注舒適度、能源與環境參數。建筑應從理念構思、建造、運營到生命周期后期都貫徹這一理念。
• 住宅設計顯著影響居住者健康與生活方式。數據顯示：3.1三分之一的歐洲人面臨至少一種室內環境隱患（如采光不足、寒冷、潮濕或噪音）；超過70%的Living Places訪客報告情緒改善、放松感增強，與自然聯系更緊密，負面影響微乎其微。
• Living Places哥本哈根優化采光與自然通風的設計獲得訪客廣泛好評。
• Living Places哥本哈根依據歐洲標準，實現了舒適范圍內的室內熱環境，獲評“一級室內氣候”。
  

A conclusion summarised in five key themes

• Living Places can inspire and showcase how to build sustainably, in designs that can be financially competitive and scalable, use standard materials and follow contemporary lifestyle trends and aesthetics.
• Healthy buildings that are good for people and the planet can be achieved by applying a holistic approach focusing more on comfort, energy and environmental parameters; a no-brainer, perhaps, that architecture should be addressed from concept to building, operation and afterlife.
• Additionally, the way we design our homes can significantly influence residents' well-being and their way of living ('1 out of 3 Europeans is exposed to at least one indoor climate hazard such as lack of daylight, cold, damp or noise,' the team reports. 'Over 70% of Living Places guests reporting improved mood, increased relaxation, and a sense of connection to nature while experiencing minimal negative effects')
• The design of Living Places Copenhagen, which optimizes daylight and natural ventilation, has been well-received by guests, they add
• Finally, Living Places Copenhagen has achieved an indoor thermal environment within the comfortable range according to the European Standard (being awarded a 'first-class indoor climate'
  

圖片：Adam Mork