Image © Aldo Lanzi
拉丁美洲的模塊化住房： 建筑中的組裝、制造和運輸方法
Modular Housing in Latin America: Assembly, Joinery, and Transportation Methods in Construction
由專筑網Zia，小R編譯
在不斷尋找能夠降低成本和縮短施工時間的新方法的過程中，模塊化建筑應運而生，成為采用多種方法、技術和工藝，利用模塊等獨立的重復元素設計宜居空間的契機。正如模塊化建筑研究所（MBI）執行主任Tom Hardiman所說，“模塊化”不是指一種建造產品，而是一種建造過程。
第二次世界大戰結束后，一些建筑專業人士集中精力尋找快速有效重建戰后城市的方法。在 20世紀50年代的時代背景下，對現代主義運動的回顧過程中，大規模生產和模塊化重復成為了項目的生成原則。其中研究最多的課題之一就是引入一種完美的模塊，以實現盡可能多的組合和布局方式。在1961年進行的Rafael Leoz的“Hele模塊”研究就是其中一個例子。
In a constant search to find new ways to reduce costs and construction times, modular architecture emerges as an opportunity to implement various methods, technologies, and techniques to design livable spaces using separate repetitive elements such as modules. As Tom Hardiman, executive director of the Modular Building Institute (MBI), maintains, "Modular" is not about a construction product but rather a construction process.
After the Second World War, several architecture professionals focused on finding ways to quickly and effectively rebuild those devastated cities. In the context of the 1950s, a review of the Modern Movement incorporated mass production and modular repetition as generating principles for projects. One of the most studied topics was the introduction of a perfect module that would allow the greatest number of possible combinations and configurations. Research on Rafael Leoz's "Hele module" in 1961 serves as an example.
Image © Norita Minami, courtesy of the Graham Foundation
模塊化建筑由比例、形狀和功能相似的建筑元素組成，易于生產和更換。此外，這些元素還可以添加到其他建筑結構中，無論它們是否采用了相同的模塊。1972 年，建筑師黑川紀章設計了中銀艙體樓，這是膠囊建筑的首批設計之一，也是模塊化建筑的先驅范例。這座建筑是可持續和可循環建筑的原型，每個模塊都與中央核心相連，必要時可以更換或交換。
Modular architecture consists of construction elements similar in proportions, shapes, and functions, making them easy to produce and replace. Additionally, these elements can be added to other architectural structures, whether or not they have the same modules. As one of the first designs of capsule architecture and a pioneering example of modular architecture, architect Kisho Kurokawa designed the Nakagin Capsule Tower in 1972. This building served as a prototype for sustainable and recyclable architecture, where each module is connected to a central core and can be replaced or exchanged if necessary.
Image © Jaime Navarro Soto
面對多種多樣的氣候和傳統建筑技術，拉丁美洲各地區的模塊化建筑在尊重自然環境條件的前提下，與當地建筑元素相結合，或獨立于當地建筑元素之外。它適應當地居民的需求，并在建造過程中采用了各種組裝、安裝和運輸策略。例如，Apan (Mexico) 的農村住房原型是為瓦哈卡州特有的干燥溫帶氣候而設計的，其承重結構和房屋圍護結構基于一套腳手架系統，提出了可變棲息地的建造理念。
模塊化建筑和預制建筑在施工中如何操作？
模塊化建筑和預制建筑在現場是如何共同工作的？它們是相互獨立的嗎？盡管討論模塊化和預制化似乎是相輔相成的，但這兩個概念既有共同點，也有不同點。他們在許多建筑項目中的使用方式會經常被拿出來討論。
Facing the broad range of climatic and traditional construction techniques, modular architecture in each Latin American region is presented in combination with, or independently of local architectural elements while respecting the natural conditions of the environment. It adapts to its inhabitants' needs and proposes various assembly, installation, and transportation strategies in its construction. For example, the Rural Housing Prototype in Apan (Mexico) was designed for a dry temperate climate characteristic of the state of Oaxaca, proposing the construction of a changeable habitat based on a scaffolding system for the structure and the house envelope.
How do Modular Architecture and Prefabrication Interact in Construction?
How do modular architecture and prefabricated architecture work together? Are they independent of each other? While discussing modularity and prefabrication may seem to go hand in hand, they are concepts with several points of convergence but also with differences, which are in constant dialogue as observed in their application in numerous architectural projects.
Image © Luis Barandarian
模塊化建筑包括工廠制造，然后運輸、分塊組裝并在安裝地點進行搭建，可以較為輕松地添加或更換某些模塊。預制建筑通常在車間內完成的整套建筑，一旦完工，通常會被整體運到工地，在那里只需打地基，并進行地塊平整。
就像位于阿根廷La Plata附近農村地區的 BILBAO | LOPEZ 住房一樣，采用預制系統可以在車間內完成從結構到覆層的組裝，施工過程不受惡劣的天氣條件影響，也不必擔心雨天難以施工。通過這種方式，可以將模塊吊起、運輸并放置在工地上，提高施工流程的效率，并提供了靈活性和不同的飾面選擇。
Modular architecture involves factory construction that is then transported, assembled in parts, and erected on the installation site, including the easy addition or replacement of certain modules. Prefabricated architecture encompasses the complete construction in a workshop, which, once finished, is usually transported in a single piece to the site where only the foundation is laid along with the prior conditioning of the plot.
Just like in the BILBAO | LOPEZ Shelter located in a rural area near the city of La Plata in Argentina, the adaptation of a prefabricated system allows for the assembly from the structure to the placement of cladding in a workshop, without depending on adverse weather conditions during its execution or the difficulties of reaching the site on rainy days. In this way, it is possible to lift the module, transport it, and place it on the site, streamlining the construction process and providing flexibility and different finishing options.
Construction. Cabin in La Juanita / MAPA. Image
Construction. Cabin in La Juanita / MAPA. Image
模塊化建筑與預制化之間的這種持續協同也可以在 MAPA 的La Juanita小屋中看到，該小屋在烏拉圭實施，由兩個在蒙得維的亞工廠制造并運往森林的雙預制模塊組成。此外，還有一些其他案例，如智利的“1號模塊化房屋”（Modular House 01），它將工業與傳統直接聯系在一起，包含一套預制模塊系統和一套根據地形現場制造的系列化結構系統。因此，木結構是在預制板運抵之前由木匠在現場建造，然后將預制板材安裝在上面。
This ongoing dialogue between modular architecture and prefabrication can also be observed in MAPA's Cabin in La Juanita, implemented in Uruguay, and composed of two twin prefabricated modules manufactured in a factory in Montevideo and transported to the forest. Additionally, there are cases such as the Modular House 01 in Chile where industry and tradition are directly linked, as it involves a system of prefabricated modules and a serialized structure fabricated on-site adaptable to the terrain. Thus, the wooden structure is built on-site by carpenters before the arrival of the prefabricated panels to be installed on it.
Image © Aldo Lanzi
干式施工和裝配工藝在模塊化建筑中扮演什么角色？
充分考慮建筑構件的組裝、吊裝、裝配和運輸過程，我們就能最大限度地發揮它們的優勢，并考慮到工作中涉及的環境、技術和施工因素，以及其他條件。例如，巴西的Mata模塊化房屋使用木材建造，并運用干式施工方法，從而加快了現場預組裝件的組裝速度。
What role do dry Construction and Assembly Processes Play in Modular Architecture?
Considering the assembly, lifting, assembly, and transportation processes of construction elements allows us to make the most of their advantages and take into account environmental, technological, and construction factors involved in the work, and sometimes, condition it. For example, the use of wood in the Mata Modular House in Brazil allowed for dry construction, resulting in faster assembly with pre-assembled pieces on-site.
Image © Oka fotografia
干式施工法具有許多優勢，如優化生產時間、減少建筑垃圾和更大的設計靈活性。不過，干式施工也需要詳細的規劃和專業工人，而且可能會受到海拔、場地氣候條件等方面的限制。
Dry construction offers various advantages such as optimization in production times, a reduction in construction waste, and greater design flexibility. However, it also requires detailed planning, specialized labor, and may present some limitations regarding heights, climatic conditions of locations, and others.
Image © Taller Aragonés
Detail. Casa Pi / Taller Aragonés. Image
根據許多建筑專業人士的建議，一些項目提出了使用專用設備建造工業化和可運輸建筑的方法，以優化建造質量、時間和成本。在哥倫比亞，Colectivo Creativo Arquitectos 設計了 VIMOB，這是一種基于預制和現場組裝概念的模塊化住宅，項目場地交通不便，傳統建筑會受到材料和勞動力運輸的限制。每個項目組件的設計和制造都是為了適應和調整框架模塊，從而最大限度地減少現場作業，減少原材料浪費和環保運輸成本等問題。這些組件在工廠中生產，在現場采用盡可能少的工具進行組裝和安裝。
According to the decisions of architecture professionals, some projects propose industrialized and transportable architectures built with specialized equipment to optimize quality, time, and costs. In Colombia, Colectivo Creativo Arquitectos designed VIMOB, a modular home based on the concept of prefabrication and assembly on a difficult-to-access site where traditional construction would be limited by the transport of materials and labor. Manufactured in a workshop, the pieces were assembled and installed on-site with minimal tools, where each project component was designed and manufactured to fit and adjust to the frame module, minimizing on-site work and reducing waste in raw materials and environmental transportation costs, among other issues.
Image © Felipe Orvi
為什么“避難所”的概念常常與模塊化建筑聯系在一起？
建筑師和設計師們選擇改造避難建筑，通過使用不同的材料和建筑技術來適應當代生活。例如，位于烏拉圭大洋海岸的MRO Shack，是一個由 8 平方米模塊設計而成的緊湊型住宅，它最大限度地利用了最小的可建面積，結合了當代生活的需求，并根據客戶的需要實現了功能性要求。
Why is the Concept of Shelter Often Associated with Modular Architecture?
Architects and designers have chosen the transformation of shelter architecture to adapt to contemporary life through the use of different materials and construction technologies. For example, along the coast of Oceánica del Uruguay, the MRO Shack is located, a compact residence designed from 8 m2 modules that maximize the minimum buildable square footage by incorporating the demands of contemporary life and achieving functionality according to the needs of its clients.
Image © Aldo Lanzi
避難所具有保護和避難功能，在重復的建筑環境中，采用快速預制建造系統，具有盡可能大的自主性，能夠在不同的環境和地形中進行復制，如山谷中的 Oazo + Zanesco Arquitectura 避難所。此外，其中一些避難所還能自給自足，就像后一個項目中國，太陽能發電最終成為項目考慮的主要因素，滿足供電和熱水需求。
Shelters consolidate spaces of protection and refuge that, in repeated circumstances, employ rapid, prefabricated construction systems with as much autonomy as possible, capable of being replicated in different environments and terrains, as seen in the Oazo + Zanesco Arquitectura Refuge in the Valley. Furthermore, some of them are designed to operate self-sufficiently, as in this latter case, where the capture of solar energy ends up being the primary element considered in the project, allowing for the fulfillment of electricity and water heating demands.
Image © Ezequiele Panizzi
Image © Aldo Lanzi
秉承這一思路，并尋求現代、高效的解決方案，烏拉圭 ZGZ 之家的建造完全在iHouse生產工廠進行，在氣候受控的環境中進行建造，配備必要的設備，臨近供應商，并由技術人員持續負責質量把控。
如何選擇和運輸材料？
哪些材料適合每種施工技術？如何將它們運到工地？成本、尺寸、資源、時間、儲存等相關的因素都是建筑項目后勤運輸和規劃設計的一部分。
Continuing with this line of thought and seeking to find contemporary and efficient solutions, the execution of the ZGZ House in Uruguay is carried out entirely at the iHouse production plant through a controlled construction process in a climate-controlled environment, with the necessary equipment, proximity to suppliers, and constant quality control by its technicians.
How to Define Materials Considering Transportation Processes?
What materials are suitable for each construction technology? How will they be transported to the site? Factors related to costs, dimensions, resources, timing, stockpiling, and others are part of the logistics and planning of the construction project.
Image © Cristóbal Valdes
在智利，工業化建筑系統原型就是這樣從部件和組件的邏輯關系出發，將木材等可持續材料和鋼材等可重復使用的材料進行模塊化組合，避免在生產過程中出現多余材料。作為可更換和可重復使用的部件，它們可以被拆卸、儲存，并在其他地點重新組裝，用于其他目的。部件的組合便于收集和優化存儲空間，人們可以用配備起重機的中型卡車快速部署和運輸，與預制結構相比具有多功能性。
Starting from a logic of parts and pieces is how the Industrialized Construction System Prototype has been developed in Chile, where the combination of sustainable materials such as wood and reusable materials such as steel are modularly coordinated to avoid excess material in the process. Being replaceable and reusable pieces, they can be disassembled, stored, and reassembled in other locations and for other purposes. The composition of parts facilitates the gathering and optimizes the storage, allowing for rapid deployment and transportation on medium trucks with cranes, and providing versatility compared to prefabricated structures.
Diagram. ZGZ House / iHouse estudio. Image
Assembly. ZGZ House / iHouse estudio. Image
另一個例子是Lucas Maino Fernandez設計的 RH House Corridor + Module，該項目將預制模塊引入智利南部的模塊化可運輸建造系統中。該模塊由鋼結構和 SIP 板系統組成，內部空間為 12平方米，頂端高度為2.75米，專為卡車運輸而設計，可在有隧道和橋梁的道路上運輸。通過量身定制的解決方案，該項目成功利用了模塊化系統的優勢，從而超越了預制的范疇。
Another example is Lucas Maino Fernandez's RH House Corridor + Module, which introduces a prefabricated module to the proposal with a modular and transportable construction system for southern Chile. The module consists of a system of steel structures and SIP panels, with 12 m2 of interior space and a height of 2.75 m at its peak, designed for transportation on trucks and capable of traveling on routes with tunnels and bridges. Through tailored solutions, the project manages to leverage a modular system to its advantage, extending beyond prefabrication.
Image © Marcos Zegers
Image © Andres Maturana
Construction. Cabin in La Juanita / MAPA. Image
Image © Luis Barandarian
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